The sectoral approach involves applying an energy efficiency index to individual industrial sectors that emit high volumes of CO2 and other greenhouse gasses, such as electric power, steel, and cement industries, then calculating the amount that can be reduced and setting reduction targets for individual countries. Japan has proposed the sectoral approach as a post-Kyoto emission reduction framework to begin in 2013. The backdrop to the sectoral approach is that uniform, country-based reduction targets would be disadvantageous for Japan, which has already implemented considerable energy-saving measures. European and other delegates have argued, though, that sector-based emission reductions should not be linked to total emission reductions, making it difficult to adopt the sectoral approach.